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Hip Fracture Fixation
This case study represents an individual clinician experience with and methodology for using EXPAREL.
Pacira BioSciences, Inc., recognizes that there are other methodologies for administering local anesthetics, as well as individual patient considerations, when selecting the dose for a specific procedure.
Please see Important Safety Information below and refer to the Full Prescribing Information.
Disclosure: Dr Amin is a paid consultant for Pacira BioSciences, Inc.
Background
CASE INFORMATION
Physician Name
Nirav H. Amin, MD
Affiliation
Associate Professor, Sports Medicine and Adult Knee Reconstruction Loma Linda University
Surgical Case Performed
Left unstable intertrochanteric hip fracture fixation
Inpatient or Outpatient Procedure
Inpatient
PATIENT CHARACTERISTICS
Gender
Female
Age
89 years
Patient History
and Characteristics
and Characteristics
The patient sustained a hip fracture as the result of a fall. She was using a rolling walker before the fall due to balance concerns
Pathology
Left unstable intertrochanteric hip fracture; determined that intramedullary nail fixation would allow for greatest healing potential
PROCEDURAL DETAILS
Incision Size
5 cm for nail entry site
4 cm for hip screw site
1 cm for each distal locking site
4 cm for hip screw site
1 cm for each distal locking site
Preoperative Analgesics Used
IV acetaminophen 1 g
IV tranexamic acid 1 g
IV tranexamic acid 1 g
Intraoperative Analgesics Used
fentanyl 50 mcg
EXPAREL expanded to 120 mL
EXPAREL expanded to 120 mL
Dose of EXPAREL and
Total Volume Used
Total Volume Used
IV=intravenous.
The recommended dose of EXPAREL for infiltration in adults is based on the size of the surgical site, the volume required to cover the area, and individual patient factors that may impact the safety of an amide local anesthetic. The maximum dose of EXPAREL should not exceed 266 mg. The recommended dose of EXPAREL for patients aged 6 to <17 years old is 4 mg/kg, up to a maximum of 266 mg. The recommended dose of EXPAREL in adults for interscalene brachial plexus nerve block, sciatic nerve block in the popliteal fossa, and adductor canal is 133 mg. The recommended dose of EXPAREL in adults for adductor canal block is 133 mg (10 mL) admixed with 50 mg (10 mL) of 0.5% bupivacaine HCl, for a total volume of 20 mL.
EXPAREL can be administered unexpanded (20 mL) or expanded to increase volume up to a total of 300 mL (final concentration of 0.89 mg/mL [ie, 1:14 dilution by volume]) with normal (0.9%) saline or lactated Ringer’s solution.
Bupivacaine HCl (which is approved for use in patients aged 12 and older) may be administered immediately before EXPAREL or admixed in the same syringe, as long as the ratio of the milligram dose of bupivacaine HCl to EXPAREL does not exceed 1:2. Admixing may impact the pharmacokinetic and/or physicochemical properties of EXPAREL, and this effect is concentration dependent. The toxic effects of these drugs are additive and their administration should be used with caution, including monitoring for neurological and cardiovascular effects related to local anesthetic systemic toxicity. Other than with bupivacaine, EXPAREL should not be admixed with other drugs prior to administration.
ASSESSED THE SIZE OF THE SURGICAL SITE AND DEPTH OF TISSUE, THEN PREPARED INJECTION MATERIALS ACCORDINGLY
In this procedure, Dr Amin determined that a total volume of 120 mL would be needed to cover the surgical sites. He expanded 20 mL of EXPAREL® (bupivacaine liposome injectable suspension) with 80 mL of normal saline and admixed the solution with 20 mL of 0.5% bupivacaine HCI. Dr Amin added bupivacaine HCl to provide short-term local analgesia in the postanesthesia care unit that overlapped with the long-term local analgesia provided by EXPAREL.
DIVIDED INJECTATE INTO SYRINGES WITH NEEDLE GAUGES APPROPRIATE FOR INFILTRATION (20- TO 25-GAUGE) AND PLANNED WHICH AREAS TO INFILTRATE WITH EACH INJECTION
For this procedure, Dr Amin divided the injectate into six 20-mL syringes using a 22-gauge needle and infiltrated as follows:
Syringe #1:
Infiltrated 20 mL of expanded EXPAREL® (bupivacaine liposome injectable suspension) into the soft tissue surrounding the nail entry site and the periosteum. Needle was advanced deep into the tissue until tip of great trochanter region was felt, and approximately 1 to 3 mL of expanded EXPAREL was injected as the needle was pulled back. This was repeated several times until the entire syringe was injected.
FIGURE 1. Soft tissue and periosteum around nail entry site
Syringe #2:
Infiltrated 10 mL superior and 10 mL inferior to the nail entry site, directly into the periosteum. Any remaining injectate was infiltrated into the surrounding superficial soft tissue. 1- to 2-mL injections were spread approximately 1 cm apart to ensure infiltration of the entire soft tissue envelope.
FIGURE 2. Superior and inferior to nail entry site, into periosteum
Syringe #3:
Infiltrated 10 mL anterior and 10 mL posterior to the lateral cortex of the hip screw site, directly into the periosteum. Injected in approximately 1- to 2-mL increments to ensure analgesic coverage of the proximal screw site and surrounding soft tissue.
FIGURE 3. Anterior and posterior to hip screw site, into periosteum
Syringe #4:
Infiltrated 10 mL into the superficial tissue planes of the hip s crew site in 1- to 2-mL increments spread 1 cm apart.
Under direct fluoroscopic imaging, infiltrated remaining 10 mL into the fracture hematoma site.
FIGURE 4. Superior to hip screw site, into periosteum
Syringe #5:
Under direct fluoroscopic imaging, infiltrated 20 mL into the fracture hematoma site.
FIGURE 5. Fracture hematoma site
Avoid injecting posteriorly due to the proximity to the sciatic nerve and other neurovascular structures.
Syringe #6:
Infiltrated 10 mL into the periosteum and soft tissue of each distal interlock site (total of 20 mL).
FIGURE 6. Soft tissue and periosteum of distal interlock sites
If there are fewer than 2 distal locking screws, use 10 mL at the distal interlock site and infiltrate remainder of syringe #6 into either the hip screw site or the nail entry site.
PROPER TECHNIQUE IS CRUCIAL FOR ANALGESIC COVERAGE
Dr Amin infiltrated EXPAREL® (bupivacaine liposome injectable suspension) into all tissue layers using a moving needle technique. With a moving needle technique, the injections were spread in a fan-like pattern and occurred as the needle was withdrawn to maximize the coverage area. This technique was systematically and meticulously repeated at each injection site, with overlapping diffusion of EXPAREL to ensure there were no gaps in analgesic coverage.
Hip FracturePerformed by: Dr Amin
ASP, average sales price; CMS, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services.
Important Notice
- This site is intended to provide medical and product information to health care professionals in the United States.
- To report an adverse event, email drugsafety@pacira.com or call 1-855-793-9727.
- For medical inquiries related to EXPAREL, submit a request to Medical Information or call 1-855-793-9727.
- These are not all of the potential important safety considerations for EXPAREL; please see the full Prescribing Information.
Indication
EXPAREL® (bupivacaine liposome injectable suspension) is indicated to produce postsurgical local analgesia via infiltration in patients aged 6 years and older and regional analgesia in adults via an interscalene brachial plexus nerve block, sciatic nerve block in the popliteal fossa, and an adductor canal block. Safety and efficacy have not been established in other nerve blocks.
Important Safety Information
- EXPAREL is contraindicated in obstetrical paracervical block anesthesia.
- Adverse reactions reported in adults with an incidence greater than or equal to 10% following EXPAREL administration via infiltration were nausea, constipation, and vomiting; adverse reactions reported in adults with an incidence greater than or equal to 10% following EXPAREL administration via nerve block were nausea, pyrexia, headache, and constipation.
- Adverse reactions with an incidence greater than or equal to 10% following EXPAREL administration via infiltration in pediatric patients six to less than 17 years of age were nausea, vomiting, constipation, hypotension, anemia, muscle twitching, vision blurred, pruritus, and tachycardia.
- Do not admix lidocaine or other non-bupivacaine local anesthetics with EXPAREL. EXPAREL may be administered at least 20 minutes or more following local administration of lidocaine.
- EXPAREL is not recommended to be used in the following patient populations: patients <6 years old for infiltration, patients younger than 18 years old for nerve blocks, and/or pregnant patients.
- Because amide-type local anesthetics, such as bupivacaine, are metabolized by the liver, EXPAREL should be used cautiously in patients with hepatic disease.
Warnings and Precautions Specific to EXPAREL
- Avoid additional use of local anesthetics within 96 hours following administration of EXPAREL.
- EXPAREL is not recommended for the following types or routes of administration: epidural, intrathecal, regional nerve blocks other than interscalene brachial plexus nerve block, sciatic nerve block in the popliteal fossa, and adductor canal block, or intravascular or intra-articular use.
- The potential sensory and/or motor loss with EXPAREL is temporary and varies in degree and duration depending on the site of injection and dosage administered and may last for up to 5 days, as seen in clinical trials.
Warnings and Precautions for Bupivacaine-Containing Products
- Central Nervous System (CNS) Reactions: There have been reports of adverse neurologic reactions with the use of local anesthetics. These include persistent anesthesia and paresthesia. CNS reactions are characterized by excitation and/or depression.
- Cardiovascular System Reactions: Toxic blood concentrations depress cardiac conductivity and excitability, which may lead to dysrhythmias, sometimes leading to death.
- Allergic Reactions: Allergic-type reactions (eg, anaphylaxis and angioedema) are rare and may occur as a result of hypersensitivity to the local anesthetic or to other formulation ingredients.
- Chondrolysis: There have been reports of chondrolysis (mostly in the shoulder joint) following intra-articular infusion of local anesthetics, which is an unapproved use.
- Methemoglobinemia: Cases of methemoglobinemia have been reported with local anesthetic use.
Please refer to full Prescribing Information.
SEE MORE
EXPAREL® (bupivacaine liposome injectable suspension) is indicated to produce postsurgical local analgesia via infiltration
